Environmental impact sustainability

Natural effect manageability Presentation Emanations from delivery contribute essentially to the groupings of destructive air contaminations in Europe. There are, still, specialized techniques which these toxins could be diminished for 80-90 percent. These strategies are financially savvy contrasted and land-based sources. Such decreases are required for securing wellbeing and nature, and for delivery to form into an increasingly feasible sort of transport. Air emanations have been a significant issue for a long time among political and dispatching gatherings. All the more as of late, however, the political atmosphere has toughened with the subject being raised from a matter of neighborhood contamination to one of an Earth-wide temperature boost. Fumes discharges from land transport and power age are as of now vigorously directed inside low cutoff points. Delivery has not yet been incredibly influenced and the emanations are developing with the expanding ocean borne exchange. Transportation expends around five percent of worldwide oil utilization which prompts worldwide NOx discharges of about 12.57 million tons/year, and about 10.54 million tons/year worldwide SOx outflows. Clearly, stricter air contamination control guidelines will desire transporting. However it isn't known which emanations types will be controlled, to what in particular level and when. World transportation has been accounted for as producing approximately 438 million tons/year of CO2 which is equal to about 1.8 percent of worldwide CO2 discharges. Expanding emanations The emanations of air poisons from ships occupied with universal exchange the oceans encompassing Europe Baltic, North Sea, north-eastern piece of the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea were assessed to have been 2.6 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 3.6 million tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) a year, in 2000. While toxin discharges from land-based sources are bit by bit descending, those from delivery show a steady increment. Considerably after the use of MARPOL Annex VI, which sets limits on the sulfur substance of marine powers for the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel, discharges of SO2 from worldwide delivery are required to expand more than 42 percent by 2020, and those of NOx by 66%. In the two cases, by 2020, the emanations from universal transportation around Europe will have surpassed the aggregate from all land-based sources in the 27 part states consolidated. It has been assessed that 90 percent of the complete SO2 and NOx emanations from ships in the North Sea, including the English Channel, begins from a zone of around 50 nautical miles (around 90 kilometers) from the coast line. Global transportation inside a separation of 100 nautical miles from the coast was evaluated to be a wellspring of 97 percent of the aggregate in the North Sea. Air quality health,acidification, eutrophication Particles SO2 and NOx can get changed over into sulfate and nitrate particles, which are extremely little and among the most regular of airborne particles. Introduction to particulate issue (PM) is related with expanded mortality (particularly from cardio-vascular and cardio-pneumonic ailments) and infection. As indicated by the European Environment Agency, up to 45 percent of Europes urban populace are presented to PM10 levels (particles of 10 micrometers or less) surpassing the prospective EU measures (EEA, 2004). It has been evaluated that introduction to particulate issue in outside air prompts around 100,000 passings every year in Europe , that the impact of PM on future might be in the request for one to two years. Boat outflows are evaluated to contribute somewhere in the range of twenty and 30% to the air groupings of auxiliary inorganic particles in most beach front regions. Ground-level ozone Nitrogen oxides contribute additionally to the arrangement of ground-level ozone, which harms vegetation just as human wellbeing. In the second 50% of the 1990s, practically all of Europes urban populace were presented to ozone focuses over the breaking point an incentive for the assurance of human wellbeing. It has been evaluated that 75 percent of the urban populace in southern Europe, and 40 percent in the northern part, lived in urban areas where the ozone levels surpassed the EU target estimation of 120 micrograms for every cubic meter (mg/m3) for over 20 days. Transportation outflows contribute surprisingly to the development of ground-level ozone, particularly in the Mediterranean locale, where expanded fixations coming about because of boats NOx discharges add up to 16-20 mg/m3. The high groupings of ozone in the Mediterranean locale don't just influence human wellbeing and yield harvests, yet in addition represent a danger to the areas significant traveler industry. Fermentation In 2000, the testimonies of sulfur and nitrogen surpassed the basic burdens for acidic substances on in excess of 260,000 square kilometers (around 20 percent) of delicate timberland environments in the EUs part states. Discharges from transport traffic add to surpass of basic heaps of sharpness by more than 50 percent in the greater part of the waterfront regions along the English Channel and the North Sea, in the Baltic Sea along the bank of Germany and Poland, and furthermore in enormous pieces of southern Sweden and Finland. Additionally, there are countless lattice cells in northern Europe where transport outflows are liable for more than 90 percent of surpass basic burdens for corrosiveness. Eutrophication Nitrogen oxides lead to eutrophication, which influences biodiversity both ashore and in beach front waters. In 2000, the affidavits of nitrogen surpassed the basic burdens for eutrophication on 800,000 square kilometers (around 60 percent) of touchy earthbound biological systems in EU. Additionally, there are an enormous number of zones in northern Europe where transport discharges are liable for more than 90 percent of surpass basic burdens. In the Mediterranean, ships outflows contribute more than 50 percent of surpass basic burdens in parts of Greece, Italy, and Spain. Albeit the greater part of the SO2 and NOx transmitted from ships working in global exchange get kept over the ocean, delivering is the biggest single wellspring of acidifying and eutrophying result over numerous nations in Europe. Erosion Air poisons, for example, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, quicken the pace of debilitating of an enormous number of different materials. Structures and landmarks made of limestone and a few sorts of sandstone are particularly touchy to erosion from acidic substances. Additionally metals become eroded all the more rapidly in a corrosive situation. Ozone is known to accelerate the deterioration of material materials, calfskin and elastic. Environmental change Outflows from ships likewise add to a worldwide temperature alteration. A gauge of the adjustment in net irradiance at the barometrical limit between the troposphere and the stratosphere (radiative driving) because of CO2 emanations from ships demonstrates that boats may represent 1.8 percent of the worldwide. Furthermore, as indicated by an examination made for the IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee, the radiative driving coming about because of expanded degrees of ground-level ozone because of NOx from worldwide transportation are almost certain to deliver positive compelling impacts that will add to a dangerous atmospheric devation and that could be in a similar range as (or bigger than) direct constraining from CO2 (Henningsen, 2000). Methods of Transport and Emissions Truck versus transport discharges Correlation of the natural execution of various methods of transport is troublesome, yet by fixing down the correlation with a couple of air toxins, a few ends can be made. As far as todays normal vehicles and fuel, a boat will transmit out 30-50 times more sulfur for each ton-kilometer than a truck. At the point when diesel turns out to be even cleaner in 2005, the distinction expanded to 150-300 times. Trucks advantage over boats regardless of whether boats are run on oil with a sulfur substance of 1 percent. This originates from the way that the most elevated reasonable sulfur substance of diesel oil for street traffic has been slowly brought somewhere around guideline. As from 2000 it was brought in the EU down to 350 ppm (parts per million), and in 2005 it is additionally diminished to 50 ppm. A further decrease to underneath 10 ppm is foreseen by 2010 such powers are now being set available. Then again, the normal sulfur substance of marine overwhelming fuel oil utilized in European waters is about 2.7 percent, for example 27,000 ppm. Concerning nitrogen oxides, ships discharge about twice as much NOx per ton-kilometer as the most recent truck models today, and the thing that matters is set to increment (again observe Table 3). In 2005, the outflow gauges for trucks in the EU were sliced from the present 5.0 to 3.5 g/kWh, and in 2010 to 2.0 g/kWh. As indicated by an ongoing report, the consuming of marine substantial fuel oil offers ascend to high emanations of polycyclic fragrant hydrocarbons (PAH). As a result of its high substance of polycyclic aromatics, this kind of fuel is named malignant growth causing and unsafe to the earth. In the event that we contrast with a substantial diesel-driven truck, the PAH discharges from a boat utilizing marine overwhelming fuel oil are around multiple times higher per vitality unit. for example in the event that the vitality yield of a boats motor is multiple times of a truck motor, the PAH-emanations from a genuinely huge vessel entering a port will compare to those from around 1200 overwhelming trucks. Vitality Plants versus Boats Sulfur outflows from land-based fixed sources are in the EU controlled by a few guidelines, order 1999/32 on the sulfur substance of fluid powers, mandate 2001/80 on the constraint of emanations from huge ignition plants, and order 1996/61 concerning incorporated contamination anticipation and control. As indicated by order 1999/32, the greatest permitted outflows from all oil-terminated plants must not surpass what might be compared to utilizing overwhelming fuel oil with a sulfur substance of 1 percent. For gas oils, including for marine use, the cutoff are set stricter, at a limit of 0.2 percent, and it is additionally diminished to 0.1 percent as from January

Alzheimers Disease Neurobiology, Causes And Treatments Of Essays

Alzheimers Disease : Neurobiology, Causes And Treatments Of Alzheimers malady : Neurobiology, causes and medicines of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most well-known of the twisting ailments. A dynamic, degenerative infection that assaults the cerebrum, causing debilitated memory, thinking and conduct. An individual with Alzhiemers Disease may encounter character and conduct changes, disabled judgment, disarray and trouble completing contemplations, following bearings or in any event, finding the correct word to state in a discussion. When cutting-edge the victim may require a guardian as day by day tasks become hard to achieve. Proof focuses toward amyloid as one of the primary driver for the happening cytotoxic procedures. Specialists have seen that degeneration shows up as brought about by impedance with intracellular calcium homeostasis by means of actuation of calcium channels, intracellular calcium stores, and further creation of free radicals by calcium-delicate catalysts. The glutamatergic framework is by all accounts associated with intervening the harmful procedures. In the mind, the nerve cells in the part that controls memory and believing are harmed, this interferes with the entry of messages between conveying cells. The phones experience particular changes, these are called neuritic plaques (gatherings of declining nerve cell closes) and neurofibrillary tangles (gatherings of bent fibers which aggregate in beforehand sound nerve cells). The cortex (utilized for intuition) of the mind shrivels, the spaces in the focal point of the cerebrum become developed causing decrease of the surface region in the cerebrum. Indications of AD as a rule happen in more seasoned grown-ups and are the ones most in danger, despite the fact that individuals in their 40s and 5Os may likewise be influenced. The manifestations incorporate lost scholarly limit, loss of language aptitudes which may incorporate experiencing difficulty discovering words, poor or diminished judgment, issues with dynamic intuition, bewilderment set up and time, changes in state of mind or conduct and changes in character. Promotion doesn't separate, it influences any race, socio foundation or sex similarly. The great indication of absent mindedness is a piece of the ordinary maturing process and for the most part starts in early middle age, nonetheless, typical neglect varies from Alzheimer's Disease from multiple points of view. The reason for Alzheimer's Disease isn't actually known. Suspected causes experiencing research are neurological harm, substance inadequacies, infections, natural poisons and breakdowns in the body's sickness barrier frameworks and hereditary qualities. There is likewise proof of a marginally expanded danger of heridity of AD among kids, siblings and sisters of patients with this sickness. It is likewise imperative to take note of that AD must be analyzed 100% after death through a post-mortem of the influenced subjects mind tissue. About 33% of post-mortem examinations turn up an alternate analysis and along these lines relatives are urged to request a post-mortem examination as a commitment to the investigation of the malady and about the hereditary qualities of AD. There is no single clinical test for AD. It is normally analyzed by precluding all other reparable or serious aims of memory misfortune. A positive analysis of this sickness must be made by minutely considering a little bit of mind tissue in the afterlife. The cerebral cortex of an Alzheimer victims cerebrum will have trademark irregularities, for example, cells defaced by plaques and tangles. A working conclusion can be made however through different testing systems that incorporate a total physical just as neurological and mental assessments. As of now there is no positive fix or treatment for AD, in spite of the fact that there are numerous providers of items which guarantee to support victims, yet the items are progressively similar to over-estimated fake treatments with no archived proof of easing of the ailment among victims, yet glutamate receptor-specific medications, a few cell reinforcements, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, calcium channel adversaries, receptor or compound inhibitors, and development factors guarantee future assistance in restoring this illness. Mixes of medications that demonstration at various levels may likewise delay the victims life/wellbeing. Individuals determined to have Alzheimer's Disease can live somewhere in the range of 2 to 20 years after memory misfortune manifestations begin to surface. It abbreviates the victims expected life expectancy, yet through proper consideration and clinical consideration the patients oftenlive for a long time. Demise can't normally be anticipated until the end stages where side effects are approaching their more terrible. A few patients in late or terminal-stage Alzheimer's will in general get in shape and experience issues gulping, troubles with bladder control, strolling and talking. They are additionally known to twist into a

Essay Topics For Grade 5: What Should Be Covered?

Essay Topics For Grade 5: What Should Be Covered?Urdu essay topics for grade 5 are becoming popular these days. To tell you the truth, most students may be overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information that needs to be covered in a subject. Because of this, they turn to online tutors who can help them with their subjects and help them come up with proper Urdu essay topics for grade 5.Urdu Essay Topics for Grade 5 - Students who go on to write Urdu papers will be surprised by the amount of topics that they need to cover. To help students with this, a tutor or online Urdu tutor will offer to start them off with their topics on the first day. This can also make the students feel more at ease when it comes to their topics.First, they should discuss about their writing style, even before they go into their topics. Ask the tutor to give some examples of how they write their essays. This can help them become familiar with the way to write their own essay. Even if you don't consider yoursel f an expert in this regard, it is important to try and expand your horizons on topics that can be covered in an essay.Second, students should be prepared with all the information that they need to know about the subject. In other words, they should have knowledge about the grammar that they have to deal with, the various issues that can be discussed in an essay, and even how they need to deal with the concept of the essay itself. They should be prepared in case they encounter any problems on their essays.Third, a student should be able to apply the necessary topics when writing their essays. They should be able to use the necessary terms and the terms that they have learned in different situations. For example, it is essential for them to know the different terminologies that can be used in a topic when they are writing essays.Fourth, they should be able to be creative in their writing to make certain things easier for them. They should be able to use grammatical as well as syntax r ules that can be applied in order to be able to come up with certain topics. Most importantly, they should be able to create strong topics that are able to communicate the ideas in their essays.If you want to write Urdu essays, it is important for you to be aware of the different topics that can be covered in this type of essay. It is important for you to know the different grammar rules, and the various terms that you have to learn in order to be able to write an interesting essay. It is also important for you to be confident about knowing what you are doing when you write Urdu essays.If you want to write Urdu essays and want to be confident, it is important for you to be aware of the various topics that can be covered in an essay. This can help you come up with topics that you know will be accepted in exams. As a result, you can be confident in knowing that you will be able to write interesting essays that can be of great value to you.

Capitalism Vs Crony Capitalism - 1808 Words

CRONY CAPITALISM – GENERAL ELECTRIC The majority of people doesn ’ t know the distinction of the capitalism and crony capitalism , and so the problem starts here . People who don ’ t know the distinction of these phenomenon are against to capitalism . Let’s first , start with defining the ‘‘ Crony Capitalism ’’ . ‘‘ Crony capitalism ’’ refers to capitalist society thats hinged on the close relationships between businessmen and the government . An economy that is nominally free - market , but allows for preferential regulation and other favorable government intervention based on personal relations . Instead of success being determined by a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ GENERAL ELECTRIC 2001 – 2017 In October 2017 , Jeffrey Immelt announced his retirement from General Electric after being a CEO and the chairman of the massive company that he has led since September 2001 . After Immelt ’s retirement various speculations have risen about General Electric’s activities during Bush and Obama Terms . I am investigating whether these speculations are true or they will just stay as speculations . Immelt was a major supporter of Obamanomics . He upheld the Obama organization s endeavor at monetary jolt , the section of Obamacare , and natural controls . He has for quite some time been one of corporate America s most vocal supporters of arrangements went for checking environmental change , especially through tops on carbon discharges . In 2011 , President Barack Obama doled out him to head another board on work creation . Amid the Bush and Obama organizations , GE turned into the organization known as the encapsulation of Crony Capitalism . â€Å" Immelt is a classic example of a rent-seeking CEO who may know what is good for his own company but not what produces economic growth and private sector job creation , † Fred Barnes wrote in 2011 . 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American Foreign Policy After The Vietnam War - 2605 Words

The Vietnam War was a conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, the Viet Congs, against the western allied government of South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was also part of a larger regional conflict and a manifestation of the Cold War between democracy and communism. The conflicts of the 21st century will be one of the defining moments of the youth of the United States today when it is looked back on it several decades later; in much the same way the Vietnam War defined a generation of youth in the 1960s and the 1970s. Some questions that had arisen from the Vietnam War were how did the communist Vietnamese win against the Super Power of the United States? What were the social movements in†¦show more content†¦The communist party did lead a mass mobilization of peasants which escalated into a revolution. Life was better under the communist party but at the same that the Vietnam economy was becoming liberalized, it was the co mmunist party that mainly benefited from it and not the people. Neale argues that the three main factors that led to the defeat of the United States in Vietnam by the communist forces were because of (1) the peasants’ revolt, led by the Communists and guerillas, in which countless numbers of Vietnamese fought and lost their lives to bring a new and better future to their country; (2) the anti-war movement in the United States; and (3) the GI revolt. There have been many uprisings by the Vietnamese peasants throughout its history of being under repressive and exploitive regimes. Vietnam was traditionally an agricultural society that was self-sufficient and relied mostly on harvesting rice, the most important and abundant crop in Vietnam. Neale states that under the regimes of the French and the Japanese, the Vietnamese economy was exploited for its manpower and its rice. Vietnam experienced a forced-industrialization under the French rule to transform the traditional agrarian society into that of a capitalist society. The forced-industrialization drained the rural society of its

Project Management of One-Day Sport Tournament Case Study Report

Question: Discuss about the Report for Project Management of One-Day Sports Tournament. Answer: Introduction of the project A one-day sports tournament will be arranged for P L Pvt. Ltd. Being the project manager in-charge of this arrangement, the most important duty is to make proper planning and organisation so that the one-day sports tournament can be arranged successfully. As the company does not have any common room or any arrangement of indoor games, therefore it is decided that outdoor games will be played (Reid Ritchie, 2011). Now keeping the mind on the work pressure and health of the employees of the company Cricket is chosen as the outdoor sport. The tournament will be played in the nearby ground which is known as the field of sports. It will take place 20th August 2016. Four teams can take part in this tournament. It will be a 10-10 over match. Each team will contain eleven players. A lottery system will be made for selecting the teams for grouping. There will be two groups group A and group B. Each group will contain 2 teams. First, in the group stage, the teams of the same group will play against each other. The winners from the two groups will play the final match. The tournament will start 7 o clock in the morning. At 7 o clock, the Managing director and CEO of the company will provide a short speech. The first match will start on 8 A.M. after fifteen minutes of the completion of the first group match; the second group match will start. The arrangement of meals and beverages will be provided (Mikkelsen, 2010). The final match will take place 2 P.M. The prize distribution will be done from 6 P.M. the prizes will be distributed to the winning team by the CEO of the company. The four teams will be provided different dresses in order distinguish them. The balls, bat, wickets, and all the protective equipment and materials will be provided by the company. The match referee and the umpires will be selected from outside and only experts will be considered. Project scope statement The project scope statement contains the following checklists: Objective of the project The main and primary objective of this project is to organise a successful one-day sports tournament for P L Pvt. Ltd. Deliverables The deliverables of this project are given below: To arrange a quality podium on the ground so that the CEO and MD can provide their speeches To provide quality cricket kits To organise good and proper foods and beverages To provide few quality shades with sitting arrangements for the players Milestones There are several milestones of this project and these are given below: To get permit from the ground authority within 15th August 2016 To prepare the podium and shades within 19th August 2016 To arrange the cricket kits within 19th August 2016 To prepare or inspect the pitch on 19th August 2016 and again in the early morning on 20th August 2016 To arrange the adequate foods and beverages within the morning of 20th August 2016 Technical requirements The technical requirements of this project are given below: To arrange lights and emergency lights on the ground and especially on the podium To provide mike systems on the podium For observing and monitoring the lights, fans, and other electronics and electrical devices few technicians will be kept. Limits and exclusions of the project There are several limitations of this project. The permit for playing in the ground can be obtained till 7 P.M. of the day of the tournament. Therefore, the matches and the prize giving ceremony must be completed by 6.30 P.M. of that day so that the ground can be evacuated with 7 o clock in the evening of that day (Lawton, 2011). The crickets will be taken as rent from a retailer and those must also be returned within 8 P.M. of the same day. The technicians will start to pack their items including lights, fans and other electrical and electronic items from 7 o clock in the evening of the day of the tournament (Patel, 2008). Therefore at any cost, the tournament must be started on time so that it can be finished within the specified time duration. Review of the management of the company The project plans and the schedule must be checked from the management of P L Pvt. Ltd and the feedback and review of the management must be obtained (Kerzner, 2001). According to the managements feedback, if any planning needs to be changed then it has to be now. Establishing project priorities The project priorities can be understood with the help of the following matrix and it is known as the project priority matrix (Maylor, 2010): Time Scope or performance Cost Constrain o Enhance o Accept o Here, in this project, time is fixed. The arrangement must be done within 20th August 2016 and the duration of the tournament is also fixed because the ground has to be evacuated after certain duration (Lawton, 2011). The scope or performance of the project can be enhanced. All the arrangements can be made of high quality. In order to enhance the performance and also to conduct the tournament within such specified time limit, the management must accept the costs that are required for accomplishing such things. Work breakdown structures This one-day cricket tournament contains lots of activities. In order to make them easy and properly done they are broken down into several simpler works or activities (Deeprose, 2012). First of planning is done. In this stage, a time schedule is prepared. Then a budget is prepared according to the expected costs of the cricket kits, rent of the ground, costs for preparing shades and podium, wages of the technicians, rent of the electrical and electronic items, and the costs of the foods and beverages. The rents of the jersey are also included in this budget. It also includes the fees of the match referee and the two umpires. After this, a team is to be prepared for observing and reporting all the activities. Now a final confirmation notice is given to all the employees of the office and they are asked to participate in this tournament (Hyvri, 2016). They are also asked to make a team and enlist the name of the team. Names will only be taken as a team but not as individuals. The numb ers of total persons including and excluding the players are calculated. Now the application for the approval of organising the tournament on 20th august is to be done and sent to the in- charge of the club ground. The technicians and the persons for preparing shades and podium are to be informed. Then the jersey and the food and beverages are to be ordered. The cricket kit is also to be rented. The match referee and two umpires are selected (Hyvri, 2016). The prizes are to be bought. While doing these activities proper coordination must be met and this is to be monitored and reported by the assigned team members to the project manager. Figure: Work Breakdown Structure Source: (Harris, 2014) Cost estimation Cost estimation is needed in any project management and in this case it also required (Heerkens, 2012). The cost estimation of the project has been presented herein below: Rent of cricket kit = 200 SGD Rent of the ground = 800 SGD Technicians wage = 10 SGD/hour per person There will be two technicians and therefore total technicians wage = 2 x 10 x 15 = 300 SGD Total time is taken 15 hours. It includes the duration of the tournament and the time for setting the instruments before the match (Pernecky, 2015). They will have three assistants and their wage is 5 SGD/hour per person. Therefore, total wage = 5 x 15 x 3 = 225 SGD Costs of foods and beverages Basic lunch time menu with a drink = 12 SGD Breakfast = 6 SGD 1litre of milk = 4 SGD Total number of players = 13 (11 + 2) x 4 = 52 Total employees = 120 It is estimated that everyone will come, hence breakfast and meal will be provided for 120 persons. The milk will only be given to the players. The match referee and the umpires are to be given the same meal as the players (Field Keller, 2008). The CEO and MD and other important members are also to be given all the meals. The technicians and the assistants will also be given the meal that is kept for the nonplayers. The project manager and the project management team will also get the same meal as the other nonplayers. Now the total number of people has become 135. Therefore cost for meal of 135 people = 135 x (6 + 12) = 135 x 18 = 2430 SGD The cost of milk for the players (including match referee and umpires) and the important members = (52 + 5 + 3) x 4 = 60 x 4 = 240 SGD The arrangement of water will be done. 410 litres of water will be arranged. The cost of one litre of water is 3.78 SGD. Therefore, cost of water = 410 x 3.78 = 1549.8 SGD Therefore, total cost = (200 + 800 + 300 + 225 + 2430 + 240 + 1549.8) = 5744.8 SGD References Deeprose, D. (2012).Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Field, M. Keller, L. (2008).Project management. London: International Thomson Business Press. Harris, V. (2014). Management Practice Event Management: A New Profession?.Event Management,9(1), 103-109. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/1525995042781039 Heerkens, G. (2012).Project management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hyvri, I. (2016). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations. International Journal Of Project Management,24(3), 216-225. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.09.001 Kerzner, H. (2011).Project management. New York: John Wiley. Lawton, L. (2011). Introduction: Special Issue on Sustainability in the Event Management Sector.Event Management,15(4), 313-314. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599511x13175676722447 Maylor, H. (2010).Project management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Mikkelsen, H. (2010). Quality of project work and project management.International Journal Of Project Management,8(3), 138-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(90)90014-3 Patel, V. (2008).Project management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co. Pernecky, T. (2015). Sustainable Leadership in Event Management.Event Management,19(1), 109-121. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599515x14229071393188 Reid, S. Ritchie, B. (2011). Risk Management: Event Managers' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Constraints.Event Management,15(4), 329-341. https://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599511x13175676722528

During The 1920s, A Biologist Named Jean Piaget Proposed A Theory Of C

During the 1920s, a biologist named Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development of children. He caused a new revolution in thinking about how thinking develops. In 1984, Piaget observed that children understand concepts and reason differently at different stages. Piaget stated children's cognitive strategies which are used to solve problems, reflect an interaction BETWEEN THE CHILD'S CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE AND experience in the world. Research on cognitive development has provided science educators with constructive information regarding student capacities for meeting science curricular goals. Students which demonstrate concrete operational thinking on Piagetian tasks seem to function only at that level and not at the formal operational level in science. Students which give evidence of formal operational thinking on Piagetian tasks often function at the concrete operational level in science, thus leading researchers to conclude that the majority of adolescents function at the concrete operational level on their understanding of science subject matter. In a study by the National Foundation of subjects in Piaget's Balance Task were rated as being operational with respect to proportional thought development. In addition, seventy-one percent of subjects did not achieve complete understanding of the material studied in a laboratory unit related to chemical solubility. The unit delt with primary ratios and proportions, and when overall physical science achievement was considered, about forty-three percent of the formal operational studies were not able to give simple examples of the problem that were correctly solved on the paper and pencil exam (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 104). Piaget was primarily concerned with the developmental factors that characterize the changes in the child's explanations of the world around him or her. Piaget's early research showed three parallel lines of development. First, from an initial adualism or confusion of result of the subject's own activity with objective changes to reality to a differentiation between subject and object. Second, from a phenomenological interpretation of the world to one which is based on objective causality. Third, from a unconscious focusing on one's own point of view to a decentration which allocates the subject a place in the world alongside other persons and objects. In functional terms, these concepts are termed assimilation and accommodation in reference to interaction with the physical world, and socialization in reference to interaction with other people (Inhelder & Sinclair, 1974, p.22). Piaget's states many secondary level science courses taught in the past at the have been too abstract for most students since they are taught in lecture or reception learning format. Thus, students who only have concrete operational structures available for their reasoning will not be successful with these types of curricula. Programs using concrete and self-pacing instruction are better suited to the majority of students and the only stumbling block may be teachers who cannot understand the programs or regard them as too simplistic. Since the teacher is a very important variable regarding the outcome of the science, the concern level of the teacher will determine to what extent science instruction is translated in a cognitively relevant manner in the classroom. Educators who prefer to have children learn to make a scientific interpretation rather than a mythological interpretation of natural phenomena, and one way to introduce scientific interpretations is to analyze any change as evidence of interaction. One way in which this teaching device can function is if there is an instructional period of several class sessions in which the students are engaged in "play" with new of familiar materials; followed by is a suggestion of a way to think about observations; lastly there is a further extermination in which the students can explore the consequences of using their discoveries . Through the process of guided discovery, the student goes from observation at the beginning to interpretations at the end (Athey & Rubadeau, 1970, p. 245). In Piaget's study of the operations that underlie the system of scientific concepts related to number, measurement, physical quantities, and logical classes and relations, structural models were needed to explain the processes involved in the formation of these concepts (Inhelder & Sinclair, 1974, p. 23). The grouping of classes and relations describe the characteristics of the end product of process of growth as a particular system of mental operations. The logical

How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake

How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake How NOT to Go Crazy or 7 Essay Writing Hacks You Need to Overtake If you are searching for essay writing hacks on how to write a paper, then look over the tips below. This style of writing does not actually alter the writing you do, but rather, has an influence on the format of the final piece you write. If the piece you are writing is something scientifically based, something that is research heavy, then you will need the following sections: Hack #1: Do Your Abstract Last It is common to want to get the shortest part of the essay writing done first, but don’t. You will get the work done faster if you wait until the end. Remember, this is a short, 200 to 300 word paragraph that serves as a complete summary of the entire piece you wrote, with approximately one sentence for each of the main sections. Hack #2: Write an Introduction at the End of the Line Save your introduction until you have finished the body content. Believe us, it will be much easier to write it after you have all the aces in your hand. Hack #3: Use Only Relevant Data When you provide your reader with background information, make sure it is relevant and that you review things which they will need only in order to better understand your argument. Hack #4: Explain Your Research in Detail When writing the methodology, explain what you did in your research and how you conducted it. You want this part of the work to be so detailed that someone reading it could recreate what you did exactly and find the same results. Hack #5: Show the Bigger Picture When you present your findings/results, don’t just say what they are. Explain how it fits into the bigger picture. Hack #6: Thoroughly Check Your Formatting Make sure to properly format each area of the work. You will lose more points on papers for improper format and layout than you will for the writing itself. If your content is not research based, and is merely a creative writing piece, then you do not need any of these headings or subheadings and instead can just format the title page and references in accordance with the requirements. That means you need your title, your name, and your university in the middle of the title page, centered in the page. Overall, following these simple hacks will help you to get your papers written, and done well. You will avoid losing grade points and will be able to submit your work with pride.

Creating High Performance teams in the workplace Essay

Creating High Performance teams in the workplace - Essay Example A group of six to seven people does not comprise a team. Teams are a group of individuals within a group with a common goal (Griffin &Moorhead, 2011, p.268). Groups and teams are not the same as group is a collection of people who may not have the same goal but in team the goal remains the same for every team member (Griffin &Moorhead, 2011, p.268). In a team, the decisions are taken either by the group together or a single person who may have better skills and expertise (Katzenbach & Smith, 2001, p.8). In a team, there is a continuous and a rigorous assessment of the performance of the team members (Katzenbach & Smith, 2001, p.9). Team activities help a person to inculcate leadership qualities in his personality (Franz, 2012, p.5). Features and benefits of team working Collaboration- In a team, the members work together to fulfill the common goal. Effective team work can produce tangible and intangible benefits for an organization in the form of increase in the quantity of the produ cts and increased customer satisfaction (Parker, 2011, p.5). Communication- In a team work, communication plays a major role. The leader would communicate with his team members on a regular basis as a good team cannot be built unless there is proper orchestration or communication of thoughts (Pritchett, 1992, p.2). Reducing complexity- Any activity that is first sorted out within a team will help to reduce its complicity and chaos in the operation (Willcocks & Morris, 1997, p.8). Balance of individual contribution – In a team, every member contributes his knowledge and expertise. The dominant members also contribute their expertise but they do not suppress the opinion of the others (Clutterbuck, 2007, p.70). The team leader would try to ensure that there is no imbalance in this regard Mutual support- In a team, the members mutually supports each other and help in continuous improvement (Goethals, et al., 2004, p.1533). Mutual trust can help the team to establish a work climat e and a communication process (Barner & Barner, 2012, p.40). Effort- The effectiveness of a team performance is assessed by its efforts. The effort that a team might put in depends on the task which should be motivating for the team members (Parcon, 2006, p.92). Cohesion - Team cohesion describes the way the team comes together in a social work (Kornspan, 2009, p.57). There is a positive relationship between performance level and cohesion in a team (Jowett, 2007, p.95). Effective ways to create high performance teams There can be many ways and tactics to create a high performance teams. a few aspects like bonding pattern in newly hired team, removing low morale in the project team, the team fit , resolving conflicts and increasing participation and creativity in the team can lead to a high performing team. It is often observed that new recruits or people joining an organization in their teams face difficulty and are uncomfortable with the environment. Also, sometimes the people with in a team feel isolated due to the factors like loneliness, new environment etc. This can harm the productivity of the team to a great extent (Roussel, 2011, p.244). So, the manager needs to make the new recruit comfortable with the team. Organizations face problems where there is inconsistency in the fit amongst the workers. In a team, some people can be productive working in a traditional work environment but as the working environment changed, there may be situations where these workers may not be able to work with

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Essay Example Human tries to first achieve deficiency needs than after he tries to achieve growth needs that are continually shaping behavior [Wikipedia]. Biological and Physiological needs: Physiological needs take highest priority, because it can control thoughts and behaviors causing people to feel sick, pain and discomfort. These types of needs mainly consist of air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion Safety needs: This need comes after the Physiological needs are met. This is a natural phenomenon that one moves next level after achieving one stage. Everyone wants to have safety and security. This may be for physical security, health security, employment security, revenues, property and resources security, moral and physiological security, family security, etc. Belongingness and Love needs: When physiological and safety needs are met than human want to have social needs that mainly involves emotionally based relationships. This type of needs is workgroup, supportive and communicative family, affection, relationships, Friendship, and sexual intimacy. A human nature needs to feel belonging and acceptances from social group or social connections and love and to be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. Absence of these needs can cause one to feel being alone and depressed. Sometime belonging and love need overcome the physiological and safety needs that depend on the strength of the peer pressure. Esteem Needs: According to Maslow, all humans have a need to be respected, to have self-respect, and to respect others. People need to engage themselves in order to gain recognition. People have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-value, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem, inferiority complexes, and an inflated sense of

Illustrations of the text Essay Example for Free

Illustrations of the text Essay An impressive opening, a marvellous ending, an indifferent middle. Does this twentieth century comment represent to you a fair summary of Dr. Faustus? Support your views by detailed illustrations of the text. The narrative patterns of Dr. Faustus can be said to take on a loose, three-part structure, in which the first part involves the serious business of Faustus conjuring the devil, the middle involves trivial entertainment and the final section, in which the play reaches an intense poetic conclusion. It is arguable that compared to the high drama and passion evident at the beginning and end, the middle of the play has little to offer. However, despite the fact that in Faustus, Marlowe intended to portray the tragic downfall of a great man, he also included the apparently frivolous middle scenes for a specific purpose. The play opens with Faustus alone in his study, contemplating the direction in which he should take his future studies. This first speech is energetic and his words are those of a young man. As Faustus continues to reveal his dissatisfaction with the limits of human knowledge, rejecting each of the various scholarly disciplines available to him, the audience begin to become suspicious of his intentions. When Faustus proclaims that a greater subject fitteth [his] wit, and that the next step in his education must be necromancy, our worst fears are confirmed. It is important to note that whilst the modern audience may be only slightly shocked by this revelation, to Marlowes contemporaries it would have been horrifying in the extreme. In Elizabethan times, religion permeated all aspects of life, and the majority of people were devout Christians; such and explicit display of blasphemy would have been unheard of! The dramatic tension increases as the scene progresses, and Faustus arrogant proposal to try [his] brains to gain a deity confirms our opinion of him as a dangerous over-reacher. The entrance of the good and evil angels signals an opportunity for theatrical spectacle, which again helps maintain the tension of this impressive, dramatic opening scene. Faustus is seemingly unaware of these two characters (which perhaps suggests that they are rather states of mind than physical beings) but continues to rhapsodise on the varied ways he will use his power. Marlowe uses poetic language, and Faustus speech is more like a love song than a soliloquy: Ill have them ransack the ocean for orient pearl and search all corners of the new found world for pleasant fruits and princely delicacies. At this point, we are disturbed by Faustus behaviour; it is as though he is making extravagant promises to a beloved rather than seeking these things for himself. Faustus is eager to confer with his fellow scholars Valdes and Cornelius, who can be seen to represent the traditional tempters from earlier morality plays. Valdes astonishes the audience even further by promising that their satanic powers will canonise them. This implied holiness could not be further from the truth of their intentions. The first scene ends with Faustus feverishly impatient to conjure that very night. His last four words are dramatic and fearsome in the recklessness: this night Ill conjure, therefore I die. The contemporary audience, who would have believed in the immortal soul, would have been aware of the terrifying fact that if he were to die in the process of conjuring, he would spend an eternity in hell. Soon after, we meet Faustus again. The scene is pitch black and he has prepared a circle in which to conjure, and some kind of sacrifice. Marlowe uses atmospheric language such as the gloomy shadow of the earth and her pitchy breath, to evoke the tension and drama. This would have been particularly important for the Elizabethan audience who had to rely on their imaginations during the performance, rather than special effects. Faustus invocation is in Latin, which sounds powerful and sonorous. He uses a frightening mixture of the orthodox and the demonic, for example sprinkling the holy water whilst conjuring. All this convinces us that he is engaged in an extremely perilous undertaking. Some time later, once Faustus has conjured Mephastophilis, he must sign a contract which states that Satan can have his soul in exchange for 24 good years. From this point onwards tension mounts and actions follow in rapid succession until the end of the scene. Faustus must sign in blood, yet when he tries to do so it congeals, forcing Mephastophilis to go and fetch a chafer of hot coal to melt it again. This episode contributed greatly to the dramatic tension of the scene. The congealing of the blood is part literal, but part metaphorical in the sense that it is Faustus own body recoiling from the deed he is about to commit. The simple bringing of the coals in the smoking dish is also quite dramatic. The sight and smell of the flames remind the audience (and should remind Faustus) of the fact that the contract will result in his damnation in hell. The episode ends with Faustus proclamation consummatum est once he has signed. This startling blasphemy echoes Christs final words on the cross and Faustus is ironically identified with him. It is arguable that the impressive opening of the play and the dramatic scenes which follow soon after are balanced and complimented by its equally intense ending. Faustus encounters the old man when his 24 years are almost over, which signals that there is hope for his salvation, even at this late stage. It is important that the audience can still relate to Faustus and fell that he is able to make conscious decisions about his fate, all be they the wrong ones. Whilst we continue to be thus engaged with Faustus, every move he makes in this scene creates high tension and greatly enhances the dramatic quality. About half way through the scene, we witness Mephastophilis providing a desperate Faustus with a dagger to kill himself (suicide being an offence to heaven and an appropriate means of getting to hell). Although the old man talks him out of it, the audience is still wracked with suspense, particularly whilst witnessing Faustus ponder feverishly as hell strives with grace for conquest in [his] breast. However, Faustus soon reverts to his former, cowardly self when Mephastophilis threatens to tear his flesh. He instructs sweet Mephastophilis to punish the old man instead, ignoring his conviction that my faith, vile hell, shall triumph over thee. Following this episode, Faustus asks for Helen of Troy as his paramour, and speaks to her, where he advised the scholars strictly not to. We feel that Faustus must realise he has made a fatal choice -he knows that the image he sees before him is a spirit- and watch in compelling revulsion as he kisses the devil. The speech he makes is a rhapsodic love poem, which is stunning when we consider the harsh theatrical contrast between Faustus words (e. g. O, thou art fairer than the evening air clad in the beauty of a thousand stars) and the sight of the old mans flesh being torn to pieces on stage. Even more horrifying is the way in which the brilliant scholar uses the language of love poetry to damn himself, and yet the lyrical beauty of the verse remains. When he says her lips suck forth my soul, Faustus is not only using a rapturous metaphor: it is actually happening! By now, the tragedy is inevitable; Faustus has rejected all hope of salvation, and the audience wait for his impending doom with trepidation. The final scene, in which we witness Faustus death is both memorable and moving. His solitude at the end of the play compliments his solitude at the beginning, and the fact that he struggles alone maintains the dramatic tension right up until he is taken to hell. Marlowe purposefully ends the play with Faustus soliloquy, to vocalise his inner thought and emotional condition. His terror, frantic hopes and despair are all enhanced by the soliloquy, which gains dramatic power by its graphic, physical nature. In his fervour, Faustus actually tries to leap up to [his] God, but fails to do so because some infernal force pulls him down. It is a very tragic scene, particularly as Faustus in his desperation tries to conjure and command the earth to gape open but realises that o no, it will not harbour me. There is a poignant contrast between the disillusioned scholar we see here and the successful conjurer of the previous scenes. When the clock strikes to signal his final half hour, Faustus bargains frantically with God to let him live for a hundred, or even a thousand years in hell but still be saved. Upon the arrival of the devils he is seized by fear and panic, willing his soul to be changed into little water drops and imploring God to look not so fierce in him. His final desperate plea Ill burn my books is deeply moving considering the futile nature of the gesture. Whilst the tension of the final scenes is obvious, without some of the light-hearted episodes which precede it, much of the dramatic quality would be lost. For this reason, Marlowe includes a number of comic scenes to relieve some of the suspense during the middle section of the play. As well as providing entertainment and an opportunity for spectacle (for example, the slapstick comedy of the Pope scene, and the grotesque rhetoric of the seven deadly sins) these scenes also have several important points to make. A good example of this happens fairly early on in the play, where Wagner procures one of Faustus books and persuades the flea-ridden clown to become his servant. Marlowe is making the point that whilst these two characters may be banal and frivolous, they are just as capable of conjuring as Faustus! Wagner apparently has just as much success without selling his soul for the privilege. They also draw our attention to the contract which Faustus is about to make. When Wagner says that the clown would give his soul to the devil for a shoulder of mutton, though it were blood raw, we note that Faustus proposed contract amounts to something of similar value (i. e. it will gain him nothing). In this scene, conjuring is de-based so that even the illiterate clown is taught how to use black magic. This contrast with Faustus great learning demonstrates how little intellect really is needed for such pursuits. We soon witness a scene between another two comic characters, Robin the ostler, and his companion, Rafe. Robin has stolen one of Faustus books and wishes to use it to gain sexual experience. Whilst this amuses the audience, we are also reminded to reflect on the unfolding tragedy. Whilst the ostlers may be venturing in too deep, they are innocents and their desires amount to little more than a few silly capers. When we compare this to Faustus feverish necessity to push the boundaries of human knowledge we become aware of just how dangerous the situation is. As Faustus begins to age, he too appears to become aware of the consequences of his actions. The amusing trick he plays on the horse-courser in scene ten plunges him into a despondant mood, forcing him to reflect upon his fate. He is now using his powers on even lower forms of entertainment than he did by making a mockery of the Pope in scene seven. He realises that he has done nothing special and is yet but a man, which is enforced by the horse-coursers callous assumption that he is a horse doctor. In Elizabethan times, such a profession would not have been highly respected, and Faustus is outraged that this is how he is being perceived. In conclusion, I would say that although the main dramatic events of the play occur either at the beginning or at the end, the middle scenes also have value and interest. Whilst Marlowes main intention for the comic scenes was to provide amusement for the audience and some respite from the tension of the main plot, they also contribute significantly to some of the main themes of the play by comparing Faustus behaviour to that of his contemporaries, and thus drawing our attention to the gravity of his actions.

Botox Essay -- Fashion Health Appearance Botox Essays

Botox When people think of new fashion trends they normally think of clothes, but the newest beauty craze that has hit the middle age market is Botox. Botox injection therapy, although not completely new, has come out swinging since being approved for use in cosmetic improvements in 2002. Botox is used to eliminate the look of aging by reducing the appearance of wrinkles on the face, neck and hands. Most commonly, patients use Botox to eliminate crow’s feet around the eyes, wrinkles on the forehead, and frown or laugh lines. It has become such a popular and ‘user friendly’ alternative to traditional cosmetic surgery, many women and even celebrities host Botox parties to share the experience with their friends. Botox parties are held in private homes, in doctor's suites, at hotels and even spas. Celebrities such as Celine Dion, Cher, Madonna and even Sylvester Stallone are rumored to have gone under the Botox needle; but only a few such as Joan Rivers have credited Botox to helping their skin look younger. Although Botox has been promoted as the miracle cure for aging, for many people who suffer from debilitating disorders or chronic pain, it has proven to be a wonder drug. So, what is Botox? Botox is the market name for type A botulinum toxin which is a purified form of the toxin produced by the bacteria, clostridium botulinum. This bacteria is commonly associated with food poisoning and is lethal in large doses. The botulism toxin could paralyze vital muscles needed for breathing. Although related to botulism food poisoning, the amounts of Botox given are so minimal and localized, that the toxin will not spread to any other muscles in the body, thus making it a safe and harmless procedure. When used cosmetically, tiny amo... ...octor to go through voice therapy. The therapy was to help her extend the effects of injection as well as to give her control over her new voice. So although Botox may be the newest beauty craze sweeping Hollywood, it’s important not to overlook its importance as treatment for many illnesses and disorders. It not only has the ability to take years off someone’s face, but it can also save lives. Botox has provided relief for my mom from a disorder that was taking over her life and it has given her the opportunity to communicate again. The first time my mom was able to speak without any interruptions was a special moment; it brought tears to my eyes and it brought a brighter future for her. The ability to talk is something that most of us take for granted. Botox has allowed my mom to keep her job. Botox is a miracle drug and should be given the credit it deserves.

How Society and Culture Affect Friendship Essay

How society and Culture affect Friends and Social Activities The ‘social’ is an important concept to know to understand this topic. It is the totality of explanations describing how people interact and make meanings of their experiences. Culture, as should be known, is Shared, transmitted, learned, adaptive etc. Different cultures promote different relationships and can either hinder or encourage certain activities among its people. Friends that people make will differ based on their cultural views and belief. Example: Jamaica’s motto â€Å"Out of Many, One people† This implicates unity within our culture. Regardless of colour, religious belief or ethnicity people make friends and partake in the pretty much the same activities. Going to the movies, going to dances, parties, clubs, bars etc. While  In a country like Trinidad with segregated culture, you have people of different races separate and apart from each other. Religious backgrounds (whether Hindu or Christian) can form who you choose to be your friend and some activities are labelled generally white, or generally black, or generally Indian rather than having equilibrium between all races. Society – This is known sociologically as a group of people related to each other through persistent relations (usually sharing the same geographical location) Society has norms which is expected behaviour of each individual, thus it is an important factor in your activities and friend choice. It must be societally acceptable else you may be labelled deviant. Your general upbringing and status/class usually shapes who you make friends with. Example: People from ‘Uptown’ tend to make friends with those of a similar background, or financial status as them. Similarly people of limited means stick together and form friendships. However there are some exceptions, especially in more open society of today where there are friendships formed across classes due to similarity in personality or social activities. Society is more likely to expect that people from higher classes would partake in activities like theatre and go to exclusive parties. It is seen where today, especially in Jamaica, regardless of status, social activities are open to any and everyone.

How Cold Does Ice Get With Salt

Some interesting science occurs when you mix salt and ice. Salt is used to help melt ice and prevent it from re-freezing on roads and walkways, yet if you compare the melting of ice cubes in fresh water and salt water, youll find ice actually melts more slowly in the saline and the temperature gets colder. How can this be? How cold does salt make ice? Salt Lowers the Temperature of Ice Water When you add salt to ice (which always has an outer film of water, so its technically ice water), the temperature can drop from freezing or 0 Â °C to as low as -21 Â °C. Thats a big difference! Why does the temperature get lower? When ice melts, energy (heat) must be absorbed from the environment to overcome the hydrogen bonding holding the water molecules together. Melting ice is an endothermic process whether there is salt involved or not, but when you add the salt you alter how readily water can refreeze back into ice. In pure water, ice melts, cools the surroundings and water, and some of the energy that is absorbed is released again as the water returns to ice. At 0 Â °C ice melts and freezes at the same rate, so you dont see ice melting at this temperature. Salt lowers the freezing point of water via freezing point depression. Among other processes, the ions from the salt get in the way of water molecules aligning to crystallize into ice. When salted ice melts, the water cant refreeze as readily because the saline isnt pure water anymore and because the freezing point is colder. As more ice melts, more heat is absorbed, bringing the temperature down even lower. This is great news if you want to make ice cream and dont have a freezer. If you put the ingredients in a bag and place the bag in a bucket of salted ice, the drop in temperature will give you a frozen treat in next to no time!